LPI-201

done!

• http://lpic2.unix.nl/index.html
• http://www.nongnu.org/lpi-manuals/manual/pdf/GNU-FDL-OO-LPI-201-0.1.pdf
• http://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-2/exam-201/
• http://www.lpice.eu/de/lpi-zertifizierungsinhalte/pruefung-201-lernziele.html

iostat

Debianpaket: sysstat !!

iostat 1 3 iostat -c (cpu info)

vmstat

vmstat 2 2 vmstat INTERVALL COUNT

netstat

netstat -g netstat --groups netstat -i netstat --interfaces netstat -s netstat --statistics netstat -aln --tcp netstat --al --tcp netstat -r --> equals route -e but is available for users

w

w w -s --> short format

free

free free -h

sar

sar -d --> disk statistics sar -b --> I/O and transfer rate statistics sar -c --> system calls sar -p --> paging activity sar -w --> swapping activity sar -r --> memory and swap over time

Steps to identify a bottleneck in the network

1. Create a map of the network 2. Identify time-dependent behaviour 3. Identify the problem 4. Identify deviating behaviour 5. Identify the cause

ps, pstree

ps ef --> BSD style option ps -ef --> UNIX style option ps --ef --> GNU style option

pstree PID

lsof

lsof lsof -F --> output format for C, perl, awk sudo lsof /var/run/tmp sudo lsof +d /var/log --> lists all files and directories at top level

swap

mkswap dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1024 count=65535

swapon swapfile /etc/fstab swapon -a

free

cat /proc/meminfo

swapoff /dev/sda3

bzImage / zImage

• Beide sind mit gzip gepackt (nicht bzip2)
• bzImage = Big Zip Image
• Werden unterschiedlich geladen / bzImage kann größer sein
• bzImage --> made zImage obsolate

Kernelversionen

• Gerade Versionsnummer = stable 2.4,2.6,3.0,3.2
• Ungerade Versionsnummer = testing 2.5,2.7,...

uname

uname = uname -s

• -a / --all - alle Parameter
• -n / --nodename - Hostname
• -r / --kernel-release - Versionsnummer (z.B. 3.2.0-25-generic)
• -v / --kernel-version - Erstellungsdatum (z.B. #40-Ubuntu SMP Wed May 23 20:30:51 UTC 2012)
• -m / --machine - Hardwareplattform (z.B. x86_64)
• -p / processor - Prozessorname (z.B. x86_64)
• -i / --hardware-platform - Prozessorfamilie
• -o / --operating-system - Betriebssystem (z.B. GNU/Linux)

unamr -r --> equals /proc/sys/kernel/os-release

201.2 Compiling a kernel

Weight 2

Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.

The kernel configuration file is located at /usr/src/linux/.config

Tarballs entpacken

tar xfvz --> gzip tar xjvf --> bzip2 tar Jxvf --> xz

/usr/src/linux

/usr/src/linux/ --> Symlink to latest kernel src

Module directory

/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/

GRUB configuration files

/etc/grub2/* /boot/grub2/grub.cfg /boot/grub/menu.lst

1. grub entry

title=initrd test entry root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.28 initrd /initrd

mkinitrd

mkinitrd initrd-image kernel-version --> redhat mkinitrd --version mkinitrd -f mkinitrd --builtin= mkinitd --omit-lvm-modules --omit-raid-modules --omit-scsi-modules

mkinitramfs

mkinitramfs --> debian mkinitramfs -d confir mkinitramfs -k mkinitramfs -o outfile mkinitramfs -r root

create initrd manually

mkblk /dev/ram0 b 1 9 --> was bedeutet MINO MAJOR Nummer? mke2fs -m0 /dev/ram0 300 mount -t ext2 /dev/ram0 /mnt mkdir /mnt/dev mknod /mnt/dev/tty1 c 4 1

1. copy needed files

ln -s /bin/sh /mnt/linuxrc umount /dev/ram0 dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=300 of=/boot/initrd freeramdisk /dev/ram0

make

make clean make mrproper --> best choice make distclean

make options

(config, xconfig, menuconfig, oldconfig, cloneconfig, prepare-all, mrproper zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install)

make config menuconfig xconfig gconfig oldconfig

yes "" | make oldconfig

make zImage / bzImage make modules make_installke make rpm-pkg make binrpm-pkg make deb-pkg

201.3 Patching a kernel

Weight 1

Candidates should be able to properly patch a kernel to add support for new hardware. This objective also includes being able to properly remove kernel patches from already patched kernels.

patch

1. place patch file in /usr/src/ 2. cd /usr/src && gunzip / bunzip2 patchfile 3. patch -p1 <patchfile 4. build the kernel

1. .rej file is created when the patch can't be applied

patch -R --> reverse to the old file

1. alternatively just apply the patch again

201.4 Customise, build and install a custom kernel and kernel modules

Weight 2

Candidates should be able to customise, build and install a 2.6 kernel for specific system requirements, by patching, compiling and editing configuration files as required. This objective includes being able to assess requirements for a kernel compile as well as build and configure kernel modules.

module tools

insmod insmod -s --> write to syslog insmod -v --> verbose mode

rmmod

modprobe modprobe -r --> remove modules

modinfo

/etc/modules.conf --> module parameters

/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep

depmod -a